Cornell University, INSEAD and the World Intellectual Property Organization (a specialized agency of the United Nations) co-publish The Global Innovation Index. It compares five input metrics of the national economy that enable innovative activities: (1) Institutions, (2) Human capital and research, (3) Infrastructure, (4) Market sophistication, and (5) Business sophistication. Two output metrics compare actual evidence of innovation outputs: (6) Knowledge and technology outputs and (7) Creative outputs. Each metric is divided into sub-pillars and each sub-pillar is composed of individual indicators (84 in total). The 2023 report lists the top 15 countries as:
1. Switzerland
2. Sweden
3. USA
4. UK
5. Singapore
6. Finland
7. Netherlands
8. Germany
9. Denmark
10. South Korea
11. France
12. France
13. China
14. Japan
15. Israel
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